📒27-4从医学方面论述亚呼赎阿弥赛亚在十字架上受难Aspects of the Crucifixion

 

从医学方面论述亚呼赎阿弥赛亚在十字架上受难

Aspects of the Crucifixion of YAHUSHUA Messiah

约翰福音3:16

亚哈威爱世人，甚至将祂的独生子赐给他们，叫一切信祂的不致灭亡，反得永生。John3:16 For YAHUVEH so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life.

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本文由David Terasaka编撰，专利文献1996版权归David Terasaka医学博士所有。然而，只要不是用作商业用途，都允许自由复制和分发。Compiled by David Terasaka, M.D. ©1996. All Rights Reserved, David Terasaka, M.D. However, permission is hereby granted to copy and distribute free of charge for non-commercial purposes only.

注：本事工网站上使用这篇文章时，用亚呼赎阿和亚哈威的真名代替了这篇文章中所用的希腊名耶穌，神或主的称谓。NOTE: The true Names of YAHUSHUA (vs. Jesus) and YAHUVEH (vs. God or Lord) have been substituted in this article for use on this ministry site.

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希伯来书12:2

仰望为我们信心创始成终的亚呼赎阿 。祂因那摆在前面的喜乐，就轻看羞辱，忍受了十字架的苦难，便坐在神亚哈威宝座的右边。Hebrews 12:2 - "Let us fix our eyes on YAHUSHUA, the author and perfecter of our faith, who for the joy set before him endured the cross, scorning its shame, and sat down at the right hand of the throne of YAHUVEH."

在亚呼赎阿一生的最后几个小时里，祂忍受了甚么，又遭受了怎样的耻辱？In the last few hours of YAHUSHUA's life what did He endure, and what shame did He suffer?

残酷的折磨：导致极大的痛苦和折磨

拉丁语：由于十字架的原因

EXCRUCIATE: to cause great agony, torment

Latin : ex : out of, from cruciate : cross

 “源于十字架” "from the cross"

这个论述报告的基调可以用 “极度痛苦” 这个词来概括，（ “极度痛苦” 的词根）指的是某种引起极大的痛苦和折磨的事物。The tone of this presentation can best be summarized in the word "excruciate", (the root of the word "excruciating") which refers to something which causes great agony or torment. 这个词的拉丁语词根是 “ex” ，意思是 “源自，由于” ，而 “cruciate” 的意思 “十字架” 。 “极度痛苦（excruciate）” 这个词来自拉丁语的 “源自，或由于十字架” 。（韦伯斯特 Websters）The Latin roots of the word are :"ex", meaning from or out of, and "cruciate", meaning cross. The word "excruciate" comes from the Latin for "from, or out of, the cross".(Websters)

总体概述General Overview

亚呼赎阿被钉十字架前的最后时刻是在耶路撒冷的几个地方度过的。夜幕降临的时候，祂是在耶路撒冷西南方的上层楼房里。在吃最后的晚餐时，祂告诉门徒们说，祂的身体和祂的血都是为他们捨下的。（马太福音26:26-29）YAHUSHUA spent the last hours before the crucifixion at several places in Jerusalem. He started the evening in the Upper Room, in southwest Jerusalem. At the Last Supper, He told the disciples that His body and His blood were to be given for them.(Matthew 26: 26-29)祂出到城外的客西马尼园。然后祂被抓捕，并被带回到大祭司的殿里。在那里，祂被从前的大祭司亚拿和亚拿的女婿该亚法审问。 He went outside of the city to the Garden of Gethesemane. He was then arrested and brought back to the to the palace of the High Priest. where He was questioned by Annas, a former High Priest, and Caiaphas, Annas' son in law . 后来，祂被公会判决，并因祂声称自己是亚哈威的儿子，而被发现犯了褻渎的罪，祂就被判处死刑。Afterwards, HE was tried by the Sanhedrin, and found to be guilty of blasphemy by proclaiming Himself the Son of YAHUVEH. He was sentenced to the death penalty. 因为只有罗马人才能够处决罪犯，所以祂被送到安东尼亚城堡的本丟彼拉多那里。彼拉多没有发现祂犯了什么罪，就把祂送到希律王那里，希律王又把祂送回到彼拉多那里。Since only the Romans were able to execute criminals, He was sent to Pontius Pilate at the Antonia Fortress. Pilate, not finding anything wrong, sent Him to King Herod , who returned Him back to Pilate. 彼拉多屈服于众人的压力，就下令鞭打亚呼赎阿，并且把祂钉十字架。最后，祂被带出到城外，在各各他山被钉死十字架上。Pilate, submitting to the pressure of the crowd, then ordered that YAHUSHUA be flogged and crucified. He was finally led out of the city walls to be crucified at Calvary.

亚呼赎阿的健康和需要遭受的严酷折磨

The Health Of YAHUSHUA And Demands Of The Ordeal

可以合理地假设一下，亚呼赎阿在临死前几个小时，在面临严酷折磨之前，祂的身体是健康的。作为一名木匠，在祂传道期间走遍了那片土地，这就要求祂的身体状况良好。It is reasonable to assume that YAHUSHUA was in good health prior to the ordeal that He faced in the hours before His death. Having been a carpenter and traveling throughout the land during His ministry would have required that He would be in good physical condition. 然而，在被钉十字架之前，祂被迫在一个不眠之夜走了2.5英里，在这期间，祂经历了六次考验，极度痛苦，受到嘲笑、遭到奚落和严酷的鞭打，并被祂的朋友和祂的父亲离弃。（爱德华兹Edwards）Before the crucifixion, however, He was forced to walk 2.5 miles over a sleepless night, during which He suffered great anguish through His six trials, was mocked, ridiculed and severely beaten, and was abandoned by His friends and Father. (Edwards)

楼上的房间或餐厅The Upper Room Or Cenaculum

那场严峻的考验是在那间楼上的房屋里开始的，就是我们现在所称 “最后的晚餐” 的地方，亚呼赎阿在那里给出了第一次圣餐的教导，预言了祂的身体和血都要被献上（马太福音26:17-29）。The ordeal began in an upper room of a house at what we now call the Last Supper, where YAHUSHUA, in giving the first communion, predicted that His body and blood would be given.(Matthew 26:17-29) 在今天的耶路撒冷，人们可以去参观那个厅堂（Cenacle）或者称为圣拿库伦（Cenaculum：拉丁语 “餐厅” 的意思），这间房屋建造在人们相信是 “最后的晚餐” 楼上房屋的所在地，（Kollek）它坐落在耶路撒冷古城的西南方。Today in Jerusalem, one can visit the Cenacle or Cenaculum (Latin for dining hall), a room which is built over what is believed to be the site of the Upper Room, (Kollek) which was located on the southwestern aspect of the old city.

客西马尼园：榨油Gethesemane : Oil Press

路加福音22:44

亚呼赎阿极其伤痛，祷告更加恳切，汗珠如大血点滴在地上。

Luke 22:44 And being in anguish, he prayed more earnestly, and his sweat was like drops of blood falling to the ground.

 “亚哈威的灵……被压榨” "the Spirit of YAHUVEH ....crushed"

亚呼赎阿从楼上的房间走到城墙外，花时间在客西马尼园里祷告。From the upper room, YAHUSHUA went outside of the city walls where he spent time in prayer at the Garden of Gethesemane. 如今的客西马尼园里有许多古老的橄榄树，有些橄榄树在亚呼赎阿的时代可能已经从根部长出了树。The garden has many ancient olive trees today, some of which may have grown from the roots of the trees that were present in YAHUSHUA' time. （当罗马人在公元前70年佔领耶路撒冷的时候，耶路撒冷周围的树都被他们砍掉了。橄榄树可以重新从根部生长并且存活数千年。） (All trees in and around Jerusalem were cut down when the Romans conquered the city in 70 A.D. Olive trees can regenerate from their roots and live for thousands of years.) “客西马尼园” 这个名出自希伯来语 “ Gat Shmanim 嘎特—许马尼姆” ，意思是 “榨油机” （Kollek）。因为圣经里用 “油” 来象征圣灵，所以这里可能说的是 “亚哈威的灵被压榨” 的地方就是在这个园子里面。The name "Gethesemane", comes from the Hebrew Gat Shmanim, meaning "oil press" (Kollek). Since "oil" is used in the Bible to symbolize the Holy Spirit, it may be said that the garden is where "the Spirit of YAHUVEH was crushed".(Missler). 亚呼赎阿就是在这里为将要发生的事情作痛苦的祷告。值得注意的是，这是詹姆斯国王圣经译本（KJV）里唯一提到 “痛苦” 一词的地方。（斯特朗一致性圣经）It was here that YAHUSHUA agonized in prayer over what was to occur. It is significant that this is the only place in the KJV where the word "agony" is mentioned.(Strong's concordance) 希腊文里的 “痛苦” 一词的意思是 “从事战斗” 亚呼赎阿是为祂将要经历的事情感到痛苦，感觉到祂已经到了死亡的边缘。（马可福音14:34）但祂却祷告说： “不要随我的意思，而是按你的旨意成就。” The Greek word for agony means to be "engaged in combat" (Pink) YAHUSHUA agonizes over what He is to go through, feeling that He is at the point of death.(Mark14:34) Yet He prays, "Not my will, but thine be done."

具有医学方面意义的是：路加〔在路加福音里〕提到了祂流的汗如血滴一样。这个症状在医学术语上称为 “血铁质沉着症 hemohidrosis” 或 “血汗症hematidrosis” ，可以在经历过极大的压力或身体休克过的病人身上看到这种症状。（Edwards爱德华兹）Of medical significance is that Luke mentions Him as having sweat like blood. The medical term for this, "hemohidrosis" or "hematidrosis" has been seen in patients who have experienced, extreme stress or shock to their systems. (Edwards) 汗毛孔周围的毛细血管变得脆弱，血液渗漏到汗液中。曾经有一个病例史，记录了一位年轻的女孩在第一次世界大战空袭中，隔壁的房子发生了瓦斯爆炸后，就患上这种恐惧症。（Scott斯科特）The capillaries around the sweat pores become fragile and leak blood into the sweat. A case history is recorded in which a young girl who had a fear of air raids in WW1 developed the condition after a gas explosion occurred in the house next door.(Scott))另一个报导提到了一个被敌方士兵用剑以死威胁的修女， “她受到了极度的惊嚇，身体的每个部位都在流血，就在攻击她的人眼前死于大出血。” （Grafenberg格拉芬伯格） Another report mentions a nun who, as she was threatened with death by the swords of the enemy soldiers," was so terrified that she bled from every part of her body and died of hemorrhage in the sight of her assailants."(Grafenberg) 为了纪念亚呼赎阿所受的苦难，现在客西马尼园里矗立着一座教堂，被称为苦难教堂。（也被称为万国教堂，因为是许多国家捐钱建起来的。（Kollek寇莱克）As a memorial to YAHUSHUA' ordeal, a church which now stands in Gethesemane is known as the Church of the Agony. (also called the Church of the Nations because many nations donated money to its construction.(Kollek)

被人离弃Abandoned By Man

马太福音26:56

当下，门徒都离开他逃走了。Matthew26:56: "Then all the disciples deserted him and fled."

诗篇22:11

求你不要远离我，因为急难临近了，没有人帮助我。Psalms 22:11: "Do not be far from me, for trouble is near and there is no one to help."

亚呼赎阿还在客西马尼园的时候就被犹大出卖了，并且被犹太人抓起来了。祂的门徒们都离祂而去了，甚至不惜付出赤身逃跑的代价（马

可福音14:51-52有一个少年人，赤身披着一块麻布，跟随亚呼赎阿，众人就捉拿祂。52祂却丟了麻布，赤身逃走了。）。While in Gethesemane, YAHUSHUA is betrayed by Judas and arrested by the Jews. His disciples all desert Him, even at the expense of running away naked (Mark 14:51-52). 亚呼赎阿被捆绑了（约翰福音18:12那队兵和千夫长，并犹太人的差役就拿住亚呼赎阿，把祂捆绑了），然后带到城里的大祭司的院子里，那个地方离那间楼上的房子很近。HE is bound (John 18:12) then brought back to the city to the court of the High Priest, which is located near the Upper room.

对亚呼赎阿审讯的不合法的几个方面

Illegal Aspects Of The Trial Of YAHUSHUA

以下是对亚呼赎阿审讯的不合法的几个方面：

Following are some of the illegal aspects of the trial of YAHUSHUA:

1. 审讯只能在公会举行例会的地方进行（而不是在大祭司的殿里）

Trials could occur only in the regular meeting places of the Sanhedrin (not in the palace of the High Priest)

2. 审讯不能在安息日前夜或节日或晚上进行Trials could not occur on the eve of the Sabbath or Feast Days or at night

3. 宣判 “有罪” 只可能在审讯后的次日宣告A sentence of 'guilty' might only be pronounced on the day following the trial

证人的问题The Issue Of Witnesses

申命记19:15 

 “人无论犯什么罪，作什么恶，不可凭一个人的口做见证，总要凭两三个人的口做见证才可定案。 ” Deut 19:15: "One witness is not enough to convict a man accused of any crime or offense he may have committed. A matter must be established by the testimony of two or three witnesses."

申命记17:6  “

要凭两三个人的口做见证将那当死的人治死，不可凭一个人的口做见证将他治死。” Deut 17:6: "On the testimony of two or three witnesses a man shall be put to death, but no one shall be put to death on the testimony of only one witness."

马可福音14:56 

 “因为有好些人作假见证告祂，只是他们的见证各不相合。” Mark 14:56: "Many testified falsely against him, but their statements did not agree."

在大祭司的院子里，祂被亚那审问（约翰福音18:13先带到亚那面前，因为亚那是本年作大祭司该亚法的岳父），并且被一个兵丁打了（约翰福音18:22）。While in the court of the High Priest, He was questioned by Annas (John 18:13) and struck by a soldier (John 18: 22). 然后祂被带到该亚法和公会那里。他们试图用许多假见证来判处祂死刑。但控告祂的见证却不相合。依照律法，没有两、三个人一致的见证，就不能把人处死。He was then brought to Caiaphas and the Sanhedrin. who sought to put YAHUSHUA to death by the false testimony of many witnesses. The witnesses brought against Him did not agree. By the law, no one could be put to death without the agreement of two or three witnesses. 尽管见证各不相合，但是当祂告诉他们祂是亚哈威的儿子时，祂就被控诉为犯了褻渎罪。祂就被判死刑。Although the witnesses did not agree, He was found guilty of blasphemy when He told them of His identity as the Son of YAHUVEH. He was sentenced to death. 亚呼赎阿被侍卫兵奚落嘲笑，朝祂吐唾沫，用拳头打祂，用手掌打祂的脸。YAHUSHUA suffered ridicule from the palace guards, who spat on Him, beat Him and slapped Him on the face.(Mark 14:65.) 在审讯期间，彼得三次不认祂。亚呼赎阿被审讯的程序违反了祂所在社会的许多法律。其他一些违反法律的方面是：（Bucklin巴克林）During the trial, Peter denies Him three times. The proceedings of YAHUSHUA' trial violated many of the laws of His society. Among some of the other broken laws were:(Bucklin)

1. 不能在晚上抓捕人。Any arrest could not be made at night.

2. 审讯的时间和日子不合法，因为那是发生在安息日的前夜。这一次排除了如果被定罪，将被要求延期到第二天的任何机会。

The time and date of the trial were illegal because it took place at night and on the eve of the Sabbath. This time precluded any chance for the required adjournment to the next day in the event of a conviction.

3. 公会无权煽动指控。它只能去调查呈送到它那里的指控。在对亚呼赎阿的审讯中，法庭自己构想了那个指控。The Sanhedrin was without authority to instigate charges. It was only supposed to investigate charges brought before it. In YAHUSHUA' trial, the court itself formulated the charges.

4. 在审判过程中，对亚呼赎阿的指控发生了变化。祂最初被指控犯有褻渎罪，因为祂声称祂将在三天內摧毁并重建亚哈威的殿，并声称自己是亚哈威的儿子。The charges against YAHUSHUA were changed during the trial. He was initially charged with blasphemy based upon His statement that He would be able to destroy and rebuild the Temple of YAHUVEH within three days, as well as His claim to be the Son of YAHUVEH. 当祂被带到彼拉多面前时，指控又成了亚呼赎阿是犹太人的王，并且不主张向罗马人纳税。When He was brought before Pilate, the charge was that YAHUSHUA was a King and did not advocate paying taxes to the Romans.

5. 如上所述，并没有满足两名证人同意判处死刑的要求。

As stated above, the requirement of two witnesses in agreement to merit the death penalty was not met.

6. 法院没有按照犹太法律的要求在公会的定期会议地点进行审讯。The court did not meet in the regular meeting place of the Sanhedrin, as required by Jewish law.

7. 亚呼赎阿不被允许作辩护。根据犹太律法，应该对证人提出的事实进行详尽的调查。YAHUSHUA was not permitted a defense. Under Jewish law, an exhaustive search into the facts presented by the witnesses should have occurred.

8. 公会宣判死刑。根据法律，公会是不允许定罪和执行死刑。（约翰福音18:31彼拉多说： “你们自己带他去，按着你们的律法审问他吧。” 犹太人说： “我们没有杀人的权柄。” ）The Sanhedrin pronounced the death sentence. Under law, the Sanhedrin were not allowed to convict and put the death sentence into effect. (John 18:31)

当今，人们可以参观大祭司的殿。你可以站在庭院的废墟中，观看亚呼赎阿时代的房屋结构模型。Today, one can visit the palace of the High Priest. where one can stand in the midst of the ruins of the courtyard. A model of the structure in YAHUSHUA' time is available for viewing.

彼拉多的裁决Pilate's Verdict

马可福音15:15 

 “彼拉多要叫众人喜悦，就释放巴拉巴给他们，将亚呼赎阿鞭打了，交给人钉十字架。” Mark 15:15 - "Wanting to satisfy the crowd, Pilate released Barabbas to them. He had YAHUSHUA flogged, and handed him over to be crucified."

第二天一大早，公会就商议并判处祂死刑（马太福音27:1到了早晨，众祭司长和民间的长老大家商议要治死亚呼赎阿）。因为犹太人不能执行死刑，罗马人才能执行死刑，所以亚呼赎阿被带到彼拉多面前。

The Sanhedrin met early the next morning and sentenced Him to death. (Matthew 27:1) Because the Jews were not, and the Romans were, able to carry out an execution, YAHUSHUA was brought before Pilate. 现在，指控就改成了控诉亚呼赎阿自称为犹太人的王，并且禁止国民向凯撒纳税（路加福音23:5）。The charge was now changed to an allegation that YAHUSHUA claimed to be King and forbade the nation to pay taxes to Caesar. (Luke 23:5) 尽管有这么多指控，彼拉多还是没有发现祂有什么过错。他就把亚呼赎阿送到希律那里。亚呼赎阿在希律面前却一言不答，除了承认祂是犹太人的王。In spite of all the charges, Pilate finds nothing wrong. He sends YAHUSHUA to Herod. YAHUSHUA is speechless before Herod, except to affirm that HE is King of the Jews. 希律又把祂送回彼拉多那里。彼拉多无法说服众人相信亚呼赎阿是无罪的，所以就下令将亚呼赎阿处死。Herod sends Him back to Pilate. Pilate is unable to convince the crowds of YAHUSHUA' innocence and orders YAHUSHUA to be put to death. 有消息称，根据罗马的律法，一个要被钉死的罪犯必须先被鞭打。（McDowell麦克道尔）其他人则相信，亚呼赎阿先是被彼拉多鞭打，希望祂受到较轻的刑罚。（Davis戴维斯）Some sources state that it was Roman law that a criminal that was to be crucified had to be flogged first.(McDowell) Others believe that YAHUSHUA was flogged first by Pilate in the hope of getting Him off with a lighter punishment .(Davis) 尽管他（彼拉多）作出了努力，犹太人还是允许巴拉巴被释放，并要求亚呼赎阿被钉死，甚至喊着说： “祂的血归到我们和我们的子孙身上！” 彼拉多就把亚呼赎阿交给人鞭打，并钉在十字架上。In spite of his efforts, the Jews allow Barabbas to be released and demand that YAHUSHUA be crucified, even crying that ,"His blood be on us and on our children!" (Matthew 27:25) Pilate hands YAHUSHUA over to be flogged and crucified.

就在这时，亚呼赎阿遭受了严酷的身体鞭打。（爱德华兹）在受鞭打期间，受害者是要被绑在一根柱子上，他的背部要 完全裸露在外。It is at this point that YAHUSHUA suffers a severe physical beating. (Edwards) During a flogging, a victim was tied to a post, leaving his back entirely exposed. 罗马人使用的鞭打工具，称为鞭子或鞭毛，是一种由许多小块骨头和金属制成的皮鞭。鞭打的次数没有记录在福音书里。The Romans used a whip, called a flagrum or flagellum which consisted of small pieces of bone and metal attached to a number of leather strands. The number of strikes is not recorded in the gospels. 申命记25:3中规定了犹太律法中的鞭打次数是四十次，但后来减少到三十九次，以防计算错误造成鞭打过度。（霍尔曼斯）受害者常常死于鞭打。（有人认为鞭打三十九次，就足以让罪犯有一种 “劫后余生” 的经历）The number of blows in Jewish law was set in Deuteronomy 25:3 at forty, but later reduced to 39 to prevent excessive blows by a counting error. (Holmans). The victim often died from the beating. (39 hits were believed to bring the criminal to "one from death".) 罗马律法并没有限定鞭打的次数。（麦克道尔）在鞭打的过程中，皮肤从背部剥离，露出血淋淋的肌肉和骨头。Roman law did not put any limits on the number of blows given. (McDowell) During the flogging, the skin was stripped from the back, exposing a bloody mass of muscle and bone ("hamburger " : Metherall). 鞭打造成的严重失血，使受害者身体虚弱，也许会到失去知觉的地步。Extreme blood loss occurred from this beating, weakening the victim. perhaps to the point of being unconscious.

罗马兵丁嘲弄并鞭打亚呼赎阿Roman Soldiers Mock And Beat YAHUSHUA

马太福音27:28-30（兵丁）给祂脱了衣服，给祂穿上朱红色的外袍， 又用荆棘拧成冠冕，戴在他的头上。Matthew 27:28-30 (The soldiers) stripped him and put a scarlet robe on him and then twisted together a crown of thorns and set it on his head. 他们把杖放在祂右手里， 跪在祂面前戏弄祂，说： “犹太人的王万岁！” 他们吐唾沫在祂脸上，并且拿着杖，一次又一次地打祂的头。They put a staff in his right hand and knelt in front of him and mocked him. "Hail, king of the Jews!" they said. They spit on him, and took the staff and struck him on the head again and again. 亚呼赎阿随后被罗马兵丁打了。他们嘲弄祂，给祂穿上一件很可能是罗马军官的披风，那件披风是深紫色或深红色的。（扩展版圣经）YAHUSHUA was then beaten by the Roman soldiers. In mockery, they dressed Him in what was probably the cloak of a Roman officer, which was colored dark purple or scarlet .(Amplified Bible) 祂还戴着荆棘的冠冕。不像传统的皇冠会有一个开放的环，实际上那个荆棘冠冕可能已经覆盖了整个头皮。（伦普金）那荆棘可能有1到2英寸长（2.5~5cm）。He also wore the crown of thorns. Unlike the traditional crown which is depicted by an open ring, the actual crown of thorns may have covered the entire scalp.(Lumpkin) The thorns may have been 1 to 2 inches long. 福音书上说，罗马士兵继续击打亚呼赎阿的头部。那样击打会把荆棘刺入头皮（身体血管最密集的部位之一）和前额，造成严重出血。The gospels state that the Roman soldiers continued to beat YAHUSHUA on the head. The blows would drive the thorns into the scalp (one of the most vascular areas of the body) and forehead, causing severe bleeding.

荆棘冠冕和外袍

The Crown Of Thorns And The Robe

创世记3:17-18

又对亚当说： “你既听从妻子的话，吃了我所吩咐你不可吃的那树上的果子，地必为你的缘故受咒诅，你必终身劳苦，才能从地里得吃的。18 地必给你长出荆棘和蒺藜来，你也要吃田间的菜蔬。” Genesis 3:17-18: "Cursed is the ground because of you; through painful toil you will eat of it all the days of your life. It will produce thorns and thistles for you, and you will eat the plants of the field."

1:18 亚哈威说、你们来、我们彼此辩论．你们的罪虽像朱红、必变成雪白．虽红如丹颜、必白如羊毛。Isaiah 1:18 "Come now, let us reason together," says YAHUVEH. "Though your sins are like scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they are red as crimson, they shall be like wool." 

朱红色长袍和荆棘冠冕的意义在于突出了亚呼赎阿 “背负了世人的罪孽” 圣经里把罪描述成朱红色（赛1:18）。The significance of the scarlet robe and crown of thorns is to emphasize YAHUSHUA' taking the sins of the world upon His body. The Bible describes sin by the color of scarlet (Is 1:18) 荆棘是在秋天之后才首次长出来的，是作为一个咒诅的征兆。因此，祂穿戴的是象征性的服饰，表明亚呼赎阿担负了世人的罪孽和咒诅。不清楚祂在十字架上是否戴着荆棘冠冕。and that thorns first appeared after the fall, as a sign of the curse. Thus, the articles that He wore are symbols to show that YAHUSHUA took on the sins (and the curse) of the world upon Himself. It is not clear that He wore the crown of thorns on the cross. 马太福音里描述的是罗马人脱了祂的衣服，打了祂之后，他们又让祂穿回祂自己的衣服。（马太福音27:31）Matthew describes that the Romans removed His clothes after the beating, and that they put His own clothes back on Him. (Matthew 27:31)

严酷的鞭打The Severity Of The Beating

以赛亚书50:6

人打我的背，我任他打；人拔我腮颊的胡须，我由他拔；人辱我吐我，我并不掩面。Isaiah 50:6: "I offered my back to those who beat me, my cheeks to those who pulled out my beard; I did not hide my face from mocking and spitting."

以赛亚书52:14

许多人因祂惊奇（祂的面貌比別人憔悴，祂的形容比世人枯槁）

Isaiah 52:14: "..... Just as there were many who were appalled at him -- his appearance was so disfigured beyond that of any man and his form marred beyond human likeness--"

福音书里没有记载严酷鞭打的细节。然而，在《以赛亚书》里，表明了罗马人拔了祂的胡须（以赛亚书50:8）。The severity of the beating is not detailed in the gospels. However, in the book of Isaiah, it suggests that the Romans pulled out His beard.(Isaiah 50:8) . 书中还提到了亚呼赎阿被鞭打得面貌看上去都不像 “神子” ，即被打得不成人样了。（比世人枯槁）。It is also mentions that YAHUSHUA was beaten so severely that His form did not look like that of "a son of a man" i.e. that of a human being.这节经文字面上可以解读为 “祂的面容被损毁得不成人样了，以至于从祂的外貌根本就看不出是‘神子’了。”  The literal translation of the verse reads, "So marred from the form of man was His aspect, that His appearance was not as that of a son of a man." 

众人看见祂都惊骇（以赛亚书52:14许多人因祂惊奇；祂的面貌比別人憔悴；祂的形容比世人枯槁。）。祂的面容被毁就可以解释为什么祂复活后的样貌不容易被人认出来。People were appalled to look at Him (Isaiah 52:13). His disfigurement may explain why He was not easily recognized in His post resurrection appearances.

（Missler米斯勒）今天，人们可以参观一个名叫铺华石处（Lithostrotos）〔希伯来话叫厄巴大（约19:13）〕的地方，传统上认为这是安东尼亚城堡的所在地。(Missler) Today, one can visit a site known as the Lithostrotos, traditionally believed to be the floor of the Antonio Fortress.（尽管最近的挖掘可能会对这个理论产生怀疑（Gonen贡恩））这个地方有罗马士兵曾经玩过的游戏的标记。(although recent excavations may cast doubt on this theory (Gonen)) The floor is marked for games once played by the Roman soldiers

From the beating, 亚呼赎阿要从被鞭打的地方沿着一条路走到各各他山被钉十字架，这条路现在被称为 “十字架苦路（Via Dolorosa）” 或者称为 “苦难之路” ，这条路的总长大约是六百五十码（约595米）。（Edwards爱德华兹）YAHUSHUA walked on a path, now known as the Via Dolorosa or the "way of suffering", to be crucified at Golgotha. The total distance has been estimated at 650 yards. (Edwards). 是一条狭窄的石头街道，在亚呼赎阿的时代，这条路的四周可能都是市场。A narrow street of stone, it was probably surrounded by markets in YAHUSHUA' time. 祂肩上背着十字架横木（称为十字架）被人带着穿过拥挤的街道，那十字架的重量大概介于八十到一百一十磅之间（36到45公斤之间）。He was led through the crowded streets carrying the crossbar of the cross(called a patibulum) across His shoulders. The crossbar probably weighed between 80 to 110 pounds. 祂被罗马守卫兵丁包围着，其中一个兵丁背着一个提多禄牌（titulus），上面用希伯来文，拉丁文和希腊文标明祂的罪名是 “犹太人的王” 。He was surrounded by a guard of Roman soldiers, one of which carried a titulus, a sign which announced His crime of being "the King of the Jews" in Hebrew, Latin and Greek. 在路上，祂背不动那个十字架了。有人推测祂在下圣安东尼亚城堡台阶的时候可能摔倒了。On the way, He was unable to carry the cross. Some theorize that he may have fallen while going down the steps of the Antonio Fortress. 祂背上背着沉重的十字架摔倒可能会导致心脏挫伤，使祂的心脏在被钉十字架前就破裂了。（Ball保尔）A fall with the heavy patibulum on His back may have led to a contusion of the heart, predisposing His heart to rupture on the cross. (Ball)古利奈人西门〔古利奈就是现在的北非（的黎波里）〕显然受到了这些事件的影响，他被传唤来帮忙。 Simon of Cyrene (currently North Africa (Tripoli)), who apparently was affected by these events, was summoned to help.

现在的 “十字架苦路（ Via Dolorosa）” ，就是亚呼赎阿被带去钉十字架的那条路线，是在十六世纪被标注的。（Magi玛吉）The present Via Dolorosa was marked in the 16th century as the route over which YAHUSHUA was led to His crucifixion.(Magi) 因为地点是在各各他山（髑髅地），但真正的 “十字架苦路（ Via Dolorosa）” 的地点存在爭议。今天，有许多传统都是与在 “十字架苦路（ Via Dolorosa）” 上发生在亚呼赎阿身上的事情有关。As is the location of Calvary, the true location of the Via Dolorosa is disputed. Much tradition as to what happened to YAHUSHUA is encountered on the Via Dolorosa today. 如今，这条路上有十四个与这件事相关的十字架受难像和九个教堂。这些十字架受难像是在1800年建立的。（Magi玛吉）今天，人们可以走一段在亚呼赎阿时期被使用过的石头路。There are 14 stations of 'events' that occurred and 9 churches on the way today. The stations of the cross were established in the 1800's. (Magi) Today, there is one section of the path where one can walk on the stones which were used during YAHUSHUA time.

在十字架上受苦

Suffering On The Cross

诗篇22:16-17

犬类围着我，恶党环绕我，他们扎了我的手、我的脚。 我的骨头我都能数过，他们瞪着眼看我。Psalm 22:16-17: Dogs have surrounded me; a band of evil men has encircled me, they have pierced my hands and my feet. I can count all my bones; people stare and gloat over me."

在整本《旧约》中，亚呼赎阿被钉十字架（受难事件）在几个地方被预言过了， 其中最引人注目的是记载在以赛亚书52:13里，书中说： “我的仆人行事必有智慧，必被高举上升，且成为至高。” The crucifixion event is prophesied in several places throughout the Old Testament. One of the most striking is recorded in Isaiah 52:13 ,where it says that , "My servant will act wisely (or prosper) .He will be raised and lifted up and greatly exalted." 在约翰福音3章里，亚呼赎阿谈论了祂要成就的那预言，In John 3, YAHUSHUA talks about His fulfillment of that prophecy 祂说： “摩西在旷野怎样举蛇，神子也必照样被举起来，叫一切信祂的都得永生。” 祂所指的是记载在民数记21:6-9里的事件。when He says, "Just as Moses lifted up the snake in the desert, so the Son of Man must be lifted up that everyone who believes in Him may have eternal life." He refers to the events recorded in Numbers 21:6-9. 

亚哈威降火蛇的灾在以色列人当中，火蛇咬人，许多人都死了。在以色列人向摩西承认他们的罪孽后，亚哈威赐给了他们一条用铜制造的蛇。YAHUVEH had sent a plague of fiery serpents on the people of Israel and they bit the people so that many of the people died. After the people confessed their sin to Moses, YAHUVEH for gave them by having a bronze serpent made. 铜是审判的象征，蛇是咒诅的象征。凡被蛇咬的人，看着那条铜蛇，就会免于死亡。Bronze is a symbol for judgment and the serpent is a symbol of the curse. Whoever was bitten by a serpent and then looked at the bronze serpent, was saved from death.. 这些经文都是预言，所指向的是被钉十字架，就是亚呼赎阿为了罪的审判，将会被（举起）在十字架上，使信祂的人不至于灭亡（永恆的死亡），反而得永生。These verses are prophecies that point to the crucifixion, in the YAHUSHUA would be (lifted up ) on the cross for the judgment of sin, so that whoever believed in Him should not die (an eternal death), but live an eternal life. 

哥林多后书5:21里更详细地说明了这一点： “祂（父神）使那无罪的（独生子）替我们成为罪，好叫我们在祂里面成为亚哈威的义。” （Pink平克）II Cor 5 :21 amplifies this point, in that "He (the Father) made Him who knew no sin (the Son) to be sin on our behalf, so that we might become the righteousness of YAHUVEH in Him."(Pink)有趣的是，作为当今医学职业象征的阿斯克勒庇俄斯（Aesculapius）的标誌，其根源是来自铜蛇的制造。（Metherall麦西拉） It is interesting that the sign of Aesculapius which is the symbol of the medical profession today, had its roots from the making of the bronze serpent.(Metherall) 实际上，亚呼赎阿才是所有人的医治者！亚呼赎阿被带往髑髅地（拉丁语：加略山；亚兰语：各各他山），被钉在十字架上。加略山的确切地点也存在爭议。Indeed, YAHUSHUA is the healer of all! YAHUSHUA is led to the place of the skull (Latin Calvary, Aramaic :Golgotha) to be crucified. The actual location of Calvary is also in dispute. 在 “十字架苦路（ Via Dolorosa）” 的尽头，有一个 “T” 型的交叉口，向左转，可以去到圣墓教堂，向右转，就可以去到戈登的加略山。长久以来，圣墓教堂一直被传统上认为是被钉十字架（亚呼赎阿受难）的地点。At the end of the Via Dolorosa, there is a "T intersection". If one turns left, we go to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. If one turns to the right, one goes to Gordon's Calvary. The Church of the Holy sepulcher has long been believed to be the traditional site of the crucifixion.

戈登的加略山作为亚呼赎阿受难的确切地点，可能是有一个预言性的原因。在创世记22章里，亚伯拉罕被亚哈威试验，要在山顶上献以撒。Gordon's Calvary has a possible prophetic reason for being the actual site of the crucifixion .In Genesis 22, Abraham is tested by YAHUVEH to sacrifice Isaac on the top of a mountain. Realizing that he is acting out a prophecy, that "YAHUVEH Himself will provide a Lamb" , 亚伯拉罕意识到他是在执行一个预言，就是：亚哈威会亲自预备羔羊。亚伯拉罕称那件事的地点为 “亚哈威以勒” 意思是 “在亚哈威的山上，必有预备。” 如果我们将这事作为是对亚呼赎阿之死的预言事件，那亚呼赎阿就要死在耶路撒冷的高地。Abraham calls the place of the event "Jehovah Jireh", meaning "In the mount of YAHUVEH it shall be seen." If we take this as a prophetic event of YAHUSHUA' death, then YAHUSHUA' died on the high ground of Jerusalem. 戈登的加略山就是耶路撒冷的最高点。海拔七百七十七米。（Missler米斯勒：以色列旅游手册地图）今天，在戈登的加略山上有许多岩石穴，使那个地方看起来像骷髅地。

Gordon's Calvary is the highest point of Jerusalem, 777 meters above sea level.(Missler: Map from Israel tour book) Today, at Gordon's Calvary, caves in the rock are situated which give the site the appearance of a skull.

亚呼赎阿接着就被钉死在十字架上。 “被钉死在十字架上” 是一个源于波斯人，后来传给迦太基人（Carthaginians）和腓尼基人（Phoenicians）的一种刑罚。YAHUSHUA was then crucified. Crucifixion was a practice that originated with the Persians and was later passed on to the Carthaginians and the Phoenicians. 罗马人将这一刑罚完善成为一种在一段时间內造成最大痛苦和折磨的处决方法。The Romans perfected it as a method of execution which caused maximal pain and suffering over a period of time. 那些被钉死的人包括奴仆，外乡人（外省人）和最低级的罪犯。罗马市民，除了那些逃兵以外，都不会被处于这种刑罚。（McDowell麦克道尔）Those crucified included slaves, provincials and the lowest types of criminals. Roman citizens, except perhaps for soldiers who deserted, were not subjected to this treatment. (McDowell)

被钉十字架的地点 “是特意选在城外，因为律法禁止在城內执行这样的事...出于卫生的原因...The crucifixion site "was purposely chosen to be outside the city walls because the Law forbade such within the city walls...for sanitary reasons ... 被钉死的尸体有时候被留在十字架上腐烂，成为一种耻辱，也是给路过的人发出令人信服的警告和威慑。” （Johnson强森）the crucified body was sometimes left to rot on the cross and serve as a disgrace, a convincing warning and deterrent to passers by." (Johnson) 有时候，被钉在十字架上的人还活着的时候就被野兽吃掉了。（Lipsius利普修斯）Sometimes, the subject was eaten while alive and still on the cross by wild beasts. (Lipsius)

被钉十字架的过程可以概括如下：十字架横木被放在地上，受刑者躺在上面。手腕上被钉着长约七英吋，直径约1釐米的钉子。The procedure of crucifixion may be summarized as follows. The patibulum was put on the ground and the victim laid upon it. Nails, about 7 inches long and with a diameter of 1 cm ( roughly 3/8 of an inch) were driven in the wrists . 钉子钉入的地方会进入正中神经附近，导致疼痛的冲击通过手臂扩散出来。可能钉子会从骨缝中钉入，这样才不会发生骨折（骨头断裂）。The points would go into the vicinity of the median nerve, causing shocks of pain to radiate through the arms. It was possible to place the nails between the bones so that no fractures (or broken bones) occurred. 研究表明，钉子可能是从手腕的小骨头之间穿透的，因为钉手掌不能支撑身体的重量。在古时的术语中，手腕被认为是手的一部分。（Davis戴维斯）Studies have shown that nails were probably driven through the small bones of the wrist, since nails in the palms of the hand would not support the weight of a body. In ancient terminology, the wrist was considered to be part of the hand. (Davis) 竖立在受难地点的是一些直立的柱子。称为木桩，高约七英呎。（Edwards爱德华兹）木桩的中央有一个粗糙的座位，称为坐位或坐凳，是用来支撑受害者的。接着，十字架横木被举到木桩上。然后把脚钉在木桩上。Standing at the crucifixion sites would be upright posts, called stipes, standing about 7 feet high.(Edwards) In the center of the stipes was a crude seat, called a sedile or sedulum, which served a support for the victim. The patibulum was then lifted on to the stipes. 为了能把脚钉在木桩上，膝盖必须弯曲并且能够横向旋转，维持一个非常不舒服的姿势。那个提多禄牌就掛在受害者的头的上方。

The feet were then nailed to the stipes. To allow for this, the knees had to be bent and rotated laterally, being left in a very uncomfortable position. The titulus was hung above the victim's head.

在执行钉十字架刑罚的过程中，有几种不同类型的十字架。在亚呼赎阿的时代，最有可能使用的是一种T字型的十字架，不是现在流行的拉丁语所说的那种，也不是今天为人所接受的那种T型十字架。

There were several different types of crosses used during crucifixion. In YAHUSHUA' time, it was most likely that the cross used was a T shaped (or tau cross,), not the popular Latin, or t shaped cross which is accepted today.(Lumpkin)

在十字架上身体所受的痛苦Physical Suffering On The Cross

诗篇22:14-15

我如水被倒出来，我的骨头都脱了节，我心在我里面如蜡熔化。我的精力枯干，如同瓦片，我的舌头贴在我牙床上。你将我安置在死地的尘土中。Psalm 22:14-15: "I am poured out like water, and all my bones are out of joint. My heart has turned to wax; it has melted away within me. My strength is dried up like a potsherd, and my tongue sticks to the roof of my mouth; you lay me in the dust of death."

在遭受殴打和鞭打后，亚呼赎阿因失血而出现严重的低血容量症。上面的诗句描述了祂的脱水状态和祂失去了力量。Having suffered from the beatings and flogging, YAHUSHUA suffered from severe hypovolemia from the loss of blood. The verses above describe His dehydrated state and loss of His strength.

当十字架被直立起来时，手腕、手臂和肩膀都承受着巨大的压力，导致肩膀和肘部关节脱臼。When the cross was erected upright, there was tremendous strain put on the wrists, arms and shoulders, resulting in a dislocation of the shoulder and elbow joints.（梅塞尔）手臂向上和向外，将胸腔固定在一个固定的吸气相的位置，会使得呼气极为困难，无法完全呼吸。(Metherall) The arms, being held up and outward, held the rib cage in a fixed end inspiratory position which made it extremely difficult to exhale, and impossible to take a full breath. 受刑者只能做很浅的呼吸（这可以解释为什么亚呼赎阿在十字架上说的话很短）。The victim would only be able to take very shallow breaths.(This may explain why YAHUSHUA made very short statements while on the cross). 随着时间的推移，由于失血、最后的氧气和身体的固定位置，肌肉会发生严重的痉挛和痉挛性收缩。As time passed, the muscles, from the loss of blood, last of oxygen and the fixed position of the body, would undergo severe cramps and spasmodic contractions

被亚哈威离弃——属灵的死亡Abandoned By YAHUVEH - Spiritual Death

马太福音27:46

约在申初，亚呼赎阿大声喊着说： “以利！以利！拉马撒巴各大尼？” 就是说： “我的神！我的神！为什么离弃我？” （诗篇22:1）

Matthew 27:46: "About the ninth hour YAHUSHUA cried out in a loud voice, "Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?'--which means, My YAHUVEH, my YAHUVEH, why have you forsaken me?"

世界的罪孽都加在祂的身上，亚呼赎阿遭受了属灵的死亡（与父亲分离）。With the sin of the world upon Him, YAHUSHUA suffered spiritual death (separation from the Father ). 以赛亚书59:2里说，罪孽使人与亚哈威隔离，祂掩面不听你们。天父必须转离祂在十字架上的爱子。因为这是亚呼赎阿第一次没有称亚哈威为祂的父亲。Isaiah 59:2 says that sins cause a separation from YAHUVEH, and that He hides His face from you so that He does not hear. The Father must turn away from His Beloved Son on the cross. For the first time, YAHUSHUA does not address YAHUVEH as His Father.(Courson)

被钉死在十字架上：缓慢窒息而死

Death By Crucifixion : Slow Suffocation

1. 呼吸浅导致肺部小面积萎陷。Shallowness of breathing causes small areas of lung collapse.

2. 氧气减少和二氧化碳增加会导致机体组织呈酸性状态。Decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide causes acidic conditions in the tissues.

3. 肺部积液，使得上面第二种状况恶化。Fluid builds up in the lungs. Makes situation in step 2 worse.

4. 心脏受压迫，最终导致衰竭。Heart is stressed and eventually fails.

被钉死在十字架的缓慢过程中的痛苦和由此导致的死亡可概括如下：

 The slow process of suffering and resulting death during a crucifixion may be summarized as follows:

“被钉死在十字架上的死亡机制似乎有可能是窒息而死。最终导致窒息而死的是以下一连串的事件："...it appears likely that the mechanism of death in crucifixion was suffocation. The chain of events which ultimately led to suffocation are as follows: 由于体重是由静坐凳支撑着，手臂就被向上拉，这就会导致肋间和胸肌被拉伸。With the weight of the body being supported by the sedulum, the arms were pulled upward. This caused the intercostal and pectoral muscles to be stretched. 此外，胸肌的拉伸是与体重下沉的方向相反，由于呼吸肌肉被反方向力拉伸，呼吸膜变得相对固定。Furthermore, movement of these muscles was opposed by the weight of the body. With the muscles of respiration thus stretched, the respiratory bellows became relatively fixed. 随着呼吸困难加剧，手腕和手臂的疼痛加剧，受害者会被迫将身体往上抬，身体就会离开坐凳，从而将身体的重量转移到脚上，As dyspnea developed and pain in the wrists and arms increased, the victim was forced to raise the body off the sedulum, thereby transferring the weight of the body to the feet. 呼吸就会变得容易些，但是随着身体的重量被施加在脚上，脚和腿的疼痛会加剧。Respirations became easier, but with the weight of the body being exerted on the feet, pain in the feet and legs mounted. 当疼痛变得无法忍受时，受害者会再次跌坐在坐凳上，身体的重量拉扯着手腕，再次拉伤肋间肌肉。When the pain became unbearable, the victim again slumped down on the sedulum with the weight of the body pulling on the wrists and again stretching the intercostal muscles. 这样，受刑者要轮流变化姿势，抬起身体是为了呼吸，跌坐在坐凳是为了减轻双脚的疼痛。Thus, the victim alternated between lifting his body off the sedulum in order to breathe and slumping down on the sedulum to relieve pain in the feet. 最后，他会变得精疲力尽或陷入失去知觉，这样他就再也不能抬起身体脱离坐凳。在这种情况下，由于呼吸肌肉基本瘫痪了，受害者就窒息而死。” Eventually , he became exhausted or lapsed into unconsciousness so that he could no longer lift his body off the sedulum. In this position, with the respiratory muscles essentially paralyzed, the victim suffocated and died. (DePasquale and Burch)

由于呼吸浅，受刑者的肺部就会开始小范围萎陷。引起缺氧和高碳酸。Due to the shallow breathing, the victim's lungs begin to collapse in small areas. causing hypoxia and hypercarbia. 呼吸性酸中毒，由于被多次鞭打导致失血，肾脏无法给予补偿，导致心脏压力增加，心跳加快来进行补偿。A respiratory acidosis, with lack of compensation by the kidneys due to the loss of blood from the numerous beatings, resulted in an increased strain on the heart, which beats faster to compensate. 肺部积液增加。在缺氧和酸中毒的压力下，心脏最终衰竭。Fluid builds up in the lungs.  Under the stress of hypoxia and acidosis the heart eventually fails. 关于死亡的实际原因有几种不同的理论。一种理论认为：心包充满液体，会给心脏泵血的能力造成了致命的压力。There are several different theories on the actual cause of death. One theory states that there was a filling of the pericardium with fluid, which put a fatal strain on the ability of the heart to pump blood (Lumpkin). 另一种理论认为：亚呼赎阿是死于心脏破裂。（Bergsma博哥斯玛）Another theory states that YAHUSHUA died of cardiac rupture." (Bergsma)然而，导致亚呼赎阿死亡的真正原因： “可能是多种因素，主要与低血容量性休克、衰竭性窒息和可能是急性心力衰竭有关。” （Edwards爱德华兹） The actual cause of YAHUSHUA' death, however, "may have been multifactorial and related primarily to hypovolemic shock, exhaustion asphyxia and perhaps acute heart failure."(Edwards)致命的心律失常可能是导致最后的终点事件。（Johnson, Edwards强森，爱德华兹）”  A fatal cardiac arrhythmia may have caused the final terminal event. (Johnson, Edwards)

最后喝的那口醋A Last Drink Of Wine Vinegar

约翰福音19:29-30

29有一个器皿盛满了醋，放在那里。他们就拿海绒蘸满了醋，绑在牛膝草上，送到他口。 John 19:29-30 "A jar of wine vinegar was there, so they soaked a sponge in it, put the sponge on a stalk of the hyssop plant, and lifted it to YAHUSHUA' lips." 30 亚呼赎阿尝 了那醋，就说： “成了！” 便低下头，将灵魂交付神亚哈威了。When he had received the drink, YAHUSHUA said, `It is finished'. "With that, he bowed his head and gave up his spirit."

由于遭受了多次鞭打而造成了严重失血，亚呼赎阿在严重脱水的情形下，最后说了一句： “我渴了。” Having suffered severe blood losses from HIS numerous beatings and thus in a dehydrated state, YAHUSHUA, in one of HIS final statements, said "I thirst." 祂在十字架上时被给予了两种喝的饮品，第一次给的是药酒（混合了没药），但祂拒绝了。祂选择要神志清醒地面对死亡。Edersheim俄德谢伊姆写道：HE was offered 2 drinks on the cross. The first, which He refused, was a drugged wine (mixed with myrrh). He chose to face death without a clouded mind. Edersheim writes:

 “给那些被执行死刑的犯人喝一口混合没药的烈酒，让他们在死亡的过程中失去知觉，是犹太人的一种仁慈的做法。” （Mass Sem 2.9; Bemid. R. 10）。"It was a merciful Jewish practice to give to those led to execution a draught of strong wine mixed with myrrh so as to deaden consciousness" (Mass Sem 2.9; Bemid. R. 10).这个费用如果不是由耶路撒冷妇女协会承担的话，就会由慈善机构来执行（Sanh. 43a）。 This charitable office was performed at the cost of, if not by, an association of women in Jerusalem (Sanh. 43a). 当亚呼赎阿走到各各他山时，就给了祂这种药酒。但尝过之后...祂就不喝那药酒...祂要直接面对死亡，即使在最严酷和最残忍的情形下，祂也要因完全的顺服而得胜...。（第880页）

The draught was offered to YAHUSHUA when He reached Golgotha. But having tasted it....He would not drink it. ....He would meet Death, even in his sternest and fiercest mood, and conquer by submitting to the full....(p.880).

亚呼赎阿在临死前接受的第二种喝的饮品，被描述为是一种葡萄酒醋。需要留意的两个重点是：那饮品是用 “牛膝草” 蘸着给受刑者喝。The second drink, which He accepts moments before His death, is described as a wine vinegar. Two points are important to note. The drink was given on the "stalk of a hyssop plant". 记得这些事件是在逾越节的时候出现过。在逾越节期间（出埃及记12:22），牛膝草是用来蘸羔羊的血打在犹太人的门框上。Remember that these events occurred at the Feast of the Passover. During this feast, (Exod 12:22) hyssop was used to apply the blood of the Passover lamb to the wooden doorposts of the Jews. 有趣的是，最后这牛膝草却指向完美羔羊的血，就是在木十字架上用来拯救全人类的所流的宝血。（Barclay巴克来）It is interesting the end of this hyssop stalk pointed to the blood of the Perfect Lamb which was applied to the wooden cross for the salvation of all mankind. (Barclay)另外，这种葡萄酒醋是一种发酵产品，是用葡萄酒和酵酿制而成的。这个词字面上的意思是 “那个变酸的食物” ，也跟希伯来语中的 “那个发酵了的食物” 词语有关联。（Holmans赫尔曼斯） In addition, the wine vinegar is a product of fermentation, which is made from grape juice and yeast. The word literally means "that which is soured" and is related to the Hebrew term for "that which is leavened". (Holmans) 酵母或酵，在圣经里象征的是 “罪” 。当亚呼赎阿喝了这种饮品（就是有酵的饮品），这样就象征着祂将世界的罪担负在祂身上。Yeast or leaven, is a Biblical symbol of sin. When YAHUSHUA took this drink, (i.e. a drink which was "leavened") it is thus symbolic of His taking the sins of the world into His body.

反对者们的庆祝属灵爭战Celebration Of The Opposition

Spiritual Warfare

诗篇22:12-13

有许多公牛围绕我，巴珊大力的公牛四面困住我。牠们向我张口，好像抓撕吼叫的狮子。Psalm 22:12-13: "Many bulls surround me; strong bulls of Bashan encircle me. Roaring lions tearing their prey open their mouths wide against me."

当亚呼赎阿被钉在十字架的时候，黑暗笼罩了全地（从中午到下午三点）。在路加福音22:53里，亚呼赎阿把那些抓捕祂的人与黑暗权势联系了起来。While He was on the cross, darkness covered the land (noon to three p.m.). YAHUSHUA, in Luke 22:53, associates those who arrested Him with the power of darkness. 亚呼赎阿被钉在十字架上的时候，邪恶的势力在哪里呢？当我们第一次看诗篇22章时，就可以看出以上的经文。十字架的周围似乎没有提到 “公牛” 和 “狮子” 。Where were the evil forces while YAHUSHUA was on the cross? The verses above from Psalm 22 seem out of place when first read. There seems to be no mention of "bulls" and "lions" around the cross. 然而，经文有更深层的含义。（Courson古森）巴珊是约旦河东的一个地方，以土地肥沃著称。那里放养的牲畜都长得很肥大。The verses, however, have a deeper meaning.(Courson) Bashan was an area to the east of the Jordan River which was famous for its fertility. Cattle were raised there which grew to enormous sizes. 那里的居民都是敬拜牛里面魔鬼的灵（与巴力有关联）。在彼得前书5:8里，撒但被描述为 “如同吼叫的狮子，遍地游行，寻找可吞吃的人。”The people there worshipped demon spirits (associated with Baal) within the cattle. In 1 Pet 5:8, Satan is described as "a roaring lion...seeking those who he may devour"  这些经文是这样暗示撒但和牠的恶魔的属灵活动，当亚呼赎阿在十字架上受苦的时候，牠们却在庆祝。These verses are thus suggestive of the spiritual activity of Satan and his demons, celebrating as YAHUSHUA was suffering on the cross.

亚呼赎阿捨下自己的生命

YAHUSHUA Laid Down His Life

约翰福音10:17-18

 “我父爱我，因我将命捨去，好再取回来。 没有人夺我的命去，是我自己捨的。我有权柄捨了，也有权柄取回来，这是我从我父所受的命令。” John 10:17-18 "The reason my Father loves me is that I lay down my life--only to take it up again. No one takes it from me, but I lay it down on my own accord. I have authority to lay it down and authority to take it up again. This command I received from my Father."

路加福音23:46 亚呼赎阿大声喊着说： “父啊，我将我的灵魂交在你手里！” 说了这话，气就断了。Luke 23:46 "YAHUSHUA called out with a loud voice, 'Father, into your hands I commit my spirit'." When he had said this, he breathed his last.

有记录表明，被钉死前的平均受苦时间大约是2-4天（Tenney坦尼），虽然有报道称有的受刑者还活了九天。（Lipsius利普修斯）The average time of suffering before death by crucifixion is stated to be about 2-4 days(Tenney), although there are reported cases where the victims lived for 9 days.(Lipsius)被钉十字架导致死亡的实际原因有很多种因素。其中最重要的是因为受到严酷的鞭打。（Edwards爱德华兹） The actual causes of death by crucifixion were multifactorial, one of the most significant would have been the severity of the scourging. (Edwards) 亚呼赎阿的身体很快就死了（彼拉多很惊奇祂那么快就死了）。（马可福音15:44）YAHUSHUA died a quick physical death (Pilate was surprised that He had died so soon.(Mark 15:44)). 虽然死亡前许多身体上生命体征都还存在，但有一种可能是亚呼赎阿并不是死于他生存能力体征的结束，而是祂自愿捨弃了祂的生命。祂最后说： “我把我的灵魂交在你的手里。” While many of the physical signs preceding death were present, one possibility is that YAHUSHUA did not die by physical factors which ended His ability to live, but that He gave up His life of His own accord. 这似乎表明，亚呼赎阿的死亡时由于祂自己放弃的。在约翰福音10章里，祂说祂有权捨下自己的生命。His last statement, "Into your hands I commit my Spirit" seems to show that YAHUSHUA' death occurred by giving Himself up. In John 10, He states that only He has the power to lay down His life. 祂也证明了通过复活有权战胜死亡。的确，亚呼赎阿就是有权定夺生与死的那位神。HE proved HIS power over death by HIS resurrection. Truly, YAHUVEH is the one who has power over life and death

被钉死在十字架上：Death By Crucifixion:

加快——打断腿，使受刑者无法站起来呼吸，就加快死亡的进程。

HASTENED by the breaking of the legs, so that the victim could not push up to take a good breath.

约翰福音19:32-33

于是兵丁来，把头一个人的腿，并与亚呼赎阿同钉第二个人的腿，都打断了。只是来到亚呼赎阿那里，见他已经死了，就不打断他的腿。

John 19:32-33: The soldiers therefore came and broke the legs of the first man who had been crucified with YAHUSHUA, and then those of the other. But when they came to YAHUSHUA and found that he was already dead, they did not break his legs.

确认——用长矛刺入心脏右侧来确认受害者是否已经死了。

CONFIRMED by a spear thrust into the right side of the heart.

约翰福音19:34

唯有一个兵拿枪扎亚呼赎阿的肋旁，随即有血和水流出来。

John 19:34: Instead, one of the soldiers pierced YAHUSHUA' side with a spear, bringing a sudden flow of blood and water. 

打断受刑者的腿会加速被钉在十字架上的死亡时间。这个过程被称为 crurifracture，它阻止了受害者自主呼吸的能力。很快就会因为窒息而死。Death in crucifixion was hastened by the breaking of the legs of the victim. This procedure, called crurifracture, prevented the ability of the victim to take in a good breath. Death would quickly occur from suffocation. 在亚呼赎阿的案例里，祂很快就死了，所以祂的腿没有被打断。亚呼赎阿应验了关于逾越节羔羊要求的其中一个预言，就是羊羔的骨头一根也不可折断。（出埃及记12:46” ）

In YAHUSHUA' case, He died quickly and did not have His legs broken. YAHUSHUA fulfills one of the prophetic requirements of the Passover Lamb, that not a bone shall be broken.(Exodus 12:46, John 19:36)

为了确认受害者已经死了，罗马人用长矛刺入心脏的右侧，刺入的时候，就突然有血和水从亚呼赎阿的身体里流出来。这血和水的医学意义一直是一个爭论的问题。To confirm that a victim was dead, the Romans inflicted a spear wound through the right side of the heart. When pierced, a sudden flow of blood and water came YAHUSHUA' body . The medical significance of the blood and water has been a matter of debate. 有一种理论认为：亚呼赎阿是死于大规模的心肌梗塞，其中心脏破裂，（Bergsma博哥斯玛）可能是祂背十字架时摔倒所致的。（Ball保尔）One theory states that YAHUSHUA died of a massive myocardial infarction, in which the heart ruptured (Bergsma) which may have resulted from His falling while carrying the cross. (Ball) 另一种理论认为：亚呼赎阿的心脏被心包积液包围，使得心脏收缩并导致死亡。（Davis戴维斯）被钉在十字架上身体承受的压力可能导致致命的心律失常。（Johnson约翰逊）

Another theory states that YAHUSHUA' heart was surrounded by fluid in the pericardium, which constricted the heart and caused death.(Davis) The physical stresses of crucifixion may have produced a fatal cardiac arrhythmia. (Johnson)

 “血和水” 的表达顺序不一定表明的是外观的顺序，而是表示某种液体的相对突出程度。The stated order of "blood and water" may not necessarily indicate the order of appearance, but rather the relative prominence of each fluid. 在这种情况下，长矛刺入心脏右侧会让胸膜液（肺中积存的液体）先溢出，然后从右心室壁流出血液。（Edwards爱德华兹）In this case, a spear through the right side of the heart would allow the pleural fluid (fluid built up in the lungs) to escape first, followed by a flow of blood from the wall of the right ventricle.(Edwards) 重要的事实是，医学证据支持亚呼赎阿的确是死于肉体的死亡。The important fact is that the medical evidence supports that YAHUSHUA did die a physical death.

当然，故事并没有到此结束。最重大的事件是，将亚呼赎阿与所有人分別出来的事实是：祂又复活了，并且如今还活着。祂在天父的右边，为那些跟随祂的人代求。（希伯来书7:25）The story, of course, does not end here. The greatest event that separates YAHUSHUA from all others is the fact that He rose again and lives today. He intercedes for those who follow Him at the right hand of the Father.(Heb 7:25)

在天堂显现Appearance In Heaven

启示录5:6

我又看见宝座与四活物并长老之中有羔羊站立，像是被杀过的，有七角七眼，就是神的七灵，奉差遣往普天下去的。

Revelation 5:6: Then I saw a Lamb, looking as if it had been slain, standing in the center of the throne, encircled by the four living creatures and the elders.

在永恆里，亚呼赎阿都会带着祂被钉十字架的印记。启示录5:6里表明，祂在天堂显现的时候是带着羔羊的印记 “看上去像被杀的羔羊” 。In eternity, YAHUSHUA will bear the marks of His crucifixion. Rev 5:6 suggests that He appears in heaven with the marks as a Lamb "looking as if it had been slain". 我们知道当祂显给多马看的时候，祂是带着钉痕，祂的肋旁也有长矛刺的疤痕。（约翰福音20:26-28）这也是当祂复活后，为什么没有马上被人认出来的值得考虑的原因。We know that when He appeared to Thomas that He bore the scars of the nails and the spear in His side.(John 20:26-28) It is also worth considering reasons as to why He was not immediately recognized after His resurrection. 在约翰福音21:12里记述说，门徒中没有一个敢问祂的身份，因为他们知道是亚呼赎阿。可能是祂复活后的身体上仍然有祂被鞭打过的痕迹。 “祂荣耀的身体会表明祂曾经所受过的耻辱。” （米斯勒）In John 21:12, it is stated that the disciples did "not dare to ask Him His identity, because they knew that it was YAHUVEH." It is possible that His resurrection body still has the marks of His beatings. "The body of His glorification will be the body of His humiliation." (Missler)

我们准备好了去见祂了吗？我们用祂所赐予我们的做了什么？今天，祂鼓励我们思考十字架上的代价，并将它运用到我们自己的生命中。

Are we ready to meet Him? What have we done with what He has given to us?. Today, He encourages us to consider the cost of the cross and to apply it to our own lives.

跟随亚呼赎阿玛西阿克Following YAHUSHUA MESSIAH

路加福音9:23

亚呼赎阿又对众人说： “若有人要跟从我，就当捨己，天天背起他的十字架来跟从我。” Luke 9:23: Then he said to them all: "If anyone would come after me, he must deny himself and take up his cross daily and follow me."

当祂在地上的时候，亚呼赎阿说过： “若有人要跟从我，就当捨己，天天背起他的十字架来跟从我。” （路加福音9:23）When He was on earth, YAHUSHUA stated that , "If any man would come after me, let him take up his cross daily and follow me." (Luke 9:23) As we have seen, 正如我们所见，在亚呼赎阿的时代，这意味着可能要死去，要捨下自己的一切来跟随他，把自己与一切事物分別开来……你的权力，你的朋友，你的身体和血液，甚至你的 “神” 。in YAHUSHUA' time it meant going to your death, giving up and separating yourself from all that you had.......your rights, your friends, your body and blood and even your "god", to follow Him.

我们受到了古利奈人西门的挑战。经文里提到他是亚历山大和鲁孚（亚哈威所拣选的一个人）的父亲，西门和他的妻子都在保罗写个罗马教会里的信中提到。（罗马书16:13）We are challenged by the example of Simon of Cyrene. Scripture mentions Him as being the father of Alexander and Rufus.(Mark 15:21) Rufus ("a choice man in YAHUVEH") and Simon's wife were both addressed by Paul in his letter to the Roman church. (Romans 16:13) 曾经有一个人，的确背起了那十字架，并为亚呼赎阿带来了永恆的影响。你现在愿意为祂作出什么承诺呢？Here was a man, who indeed carried the cross...and made an impact for YAHUSHUA in eternity. What commitment are you willing to make to Him now?

圣经是亚哈威的话语（提摩太后书3:16-17），讲述了亚哈威曾经与人的个人关係。The Bible, YAHUVEH's Word (II Timothy 3:16-17), relates how YAHUVEH once had a personal relationship with man. 亚哈威会跟人交谈和说话，就像你会跟你最好的朋友交谈和说话一样。亚哈威创造了人，并且赐给他一个有意义和有目的人生。YAHUVEH would talk and relate to man, just as you might relate to your best friend. YAHUVEH created man to give him a meaningful and purposeful life.

人选择了行自己的道路，不听从亚哈威。（这适用于罗马书3:23里说的人）（罗马书3:23）这种背逆就称为罪，导致人和亚哈威的关係破裂。Man chose to go his own way by disobeying YAHUVEH. (This applies to all men as in Romans 3:23). This disobedience, called sin, caused a break in the relationship between man and YAHUVEH. 如果一个人偶然凭自己的努力（宗教）来寻求与亚哈威的关係，他会一无所获，因为罪已经破坏了那种交流。（以赛亚书59:2但你们的罪孽使你们与神亚哈威隔绝；你们的罪恶使祂掩面不听你们。）If a man casually seeks a relationship with YAHUVEH by his own efforts (religion), he will find nothing, because sin has broken the communication. (Isaiah 59:2)

亚呼赎阿的献祭就是亚哈威牺牲祂自己的儿子来恢复已经被破裂的关係的故事。YAHUSHUAianity is the story of YAHUVEH sacrificing His Son to restore a relationship that was broken. 就如以上所述，亚呼赎阿捨下自己的生命来偿还人类罪孽的代价，将罪孽的刑罚担负在祂自己的身上。As stated in the above text, YAHUSHUA gave up His life to pay for the sins of mankind and taking the punishment for the sin upon Himself. 因为祂在十字架上捨下自己的生命，凡相信祂的人都能恢复与亚哈威的个人关係。亚呼赎阿亲自宣告祂是通往亚哈威的唯一道路（约翰福音14:6）。Because He gave His life on the cross, any one who believes in Him will have a restoration of a personal relationship with YAHUVEH. YAHUSHUA Himself claimed to be the only way to YAHUVEH (John 14:6) 唯有透过亚呼赎阿弥赛亚来认识亚哈威，人才能获得有意义和有目的的人生。（约翰福音10:10）and only by the knowledge of YAHUVEH through YAHUSHUA Messiah can man have a meaningful and purposeful life.(John 10:10)

亚哈威渴望世人都以个人的方式来认识祂，如果你从未接受过亚呼赎阿亲自为你的罪孽所赐下的礼物，或者如果你对怎样通过亚呼赎阿弥赛亚来认识亚哈威，才能获得一个有意义和有目标的人生。YAHUVEH desires that all men come to know Him in a personal way. If you have never received YAHUSHUA's gift of Himself for your sins, or have any doubts to how you can have a meaningful and purposeful life by the kinowledge of YAHUVEH through YAHUSHUA Messiah.

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