Haggadah - The 15 Steps
Haggadah Overview
The Haggadah usually contains many traditional Passover songs, most of which have been omitted from this booklet, such as: “Dayenu”, from Maggid; “Eliyahu Ha Navi” from Barech; “Adir Hu”, “Echad Mi Yoda”, “Had Gadya” from Nirtzah. They are recommended, but have been removed for brevity’s sake. Many portions of Maggid are also usually sung. The lyrics & melodies of these songs can be found online.
Opening – Sanctify the Evening and Prepare for Maggid
1. Kadesh: Pour wine. Sanctify the evening w/Kiddush wine blessing. Drink “1st cup”.
2. Urchatz: wash hands with out blessing.
3. Karpas: bless, then dip vegetables in salt water and eat.
4. Yachatz: break middle matzah. Hide afikoman.
Body of the Seder – Telling the Story and Eating the Food of the Exodus
5. Maggid:
a. Introduction
1) “HaLachma Anya” (The Bread of Affliction)
2) Pour & bless 2nd cup. Don’t drink yet.
3) “Ma Nishtana” (What is different?- The 4 Questions)
4) “Avadim Hayinu” (We were Slaves)
5) Read Josh 24:2-4
6) Read Gen 15:13-14, w/“Vehi SheAmda” (And this has Stood)
b. Tell story of Passover
1) Read Deut 26:5-8 (and/or longer Acts 7:2-36)
2) List the 10 Plagues
3) Recount Exodus chapters 11–15 to verse 21
c. Contemplation of the Narration
1) Praise with Psalm 113-114
2) Pray for the Future
3) Bless the 2nd cup and drink.
6. Rachatz: Wash hands with blessing.
7. Motzi: Pray blessing over food.
8. Matzah: Bless and eat matzah.
9. Maror: Bless and eat bitter herbs.
10. Korech: Eat matzah, bitter herbs [and charoset (sweet)] together.
11. Sulchan Orech: Eat prepared meal at table.
Closing – Seal the Seder with Praise and Prayer
12. Tzafun: Find/return afikoman. Eat it.
13. Barech: Pour 3rd cup wine, read Psalm 126, pray Grace After Meals. Bless & drink 3rd cup. Pour 4th cup (Eliyahu Ha Navi often song) and pray Elijah prayer.
14. Hallel: Praise with Psalms 115 – 118. Bless and drink 4th cup.
15. Nirtzah: Prayer God accepts Seder. (Many traditional songs usually sung). End Seder.
OPENING STEPS:
Kadesh* Urchatz, Karpas, Yachatz
Sanctify the Evening and Prepare for Maggid
1. “Kadesh”* (Sanctify)
This step is not optional, but parts of it are optional. The only necessary part of the “Recite Kiddush” section found on the following page is [a] the Fruit of the Vine blessing.
Say out loud, over the un-poured wine:
YAHUSHUA spoke of this wine saying,
“This is MY Blood of the Covenant, which is poured out for many for the remission of sins” (Mark 14:24). “Do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me” (1 Cor 11:25).Pour “the 1st cup” of wine/juice for one another. (Drink later). Say: “This is the first of the four cups. It is called “the cup of Sanctification” for GOD said: I am YAHUVEH, and I will take you out ...”.
Recite Kiddush over the wine to sanctify the Holy Day, Reciting the full, traditional Kiddush is optional, so skip any of the following as you see fit:
a) Do the Fruit of the Vine blessing:
Blessed are YOU YAHUVEH, our GOD, KING of the universe,
Who creates the fruit of the vine and has made us Holy through the shed Blood of YOUR SON YAHUSHUA our MASHIACH.
b) Optional: Do the Holiday Eve Kiddush. [Include the words in parenthesis () below if it is a Friday night].
Blessed are YOU, YAHUVEH our GOD, KING of the Universe,
Who chose us from all the nations, elevated us above all tongues,
Who sanctified us with His commandments and lovingly gave us (Sabbaths for rest), appointed times for happiness, festivals and seasons for joy; and
this Day of (Shabbat and) Passover, the Festival of Unleavened Bread, the season of our Freedom – a holy convocation to remember the Exodus from Egypt and the ONE and ONLY Salvation, YOUR SON, YAHUSHUA ha MASHIACH, the true Passover Lamb. Because You chose us [...and we did not choose you - John 15:16].
Blessed are YOU, YAHUVEH, our GOD, Who sanctifies (the Shabbat and) Israel and the holy times.
c) Optional for a Saturday night (On other days, skip). Havdalah blessing:
Blessed are YOU, YAHUVEH our GOD, KING of the Universe,
Who creates the brightness of the fire and has given us YOUR HOLY SPIRIT, YOUR SHKINYAH GLORY in our hearts by YOUR SON, YAHUSHUA ha MASHIACH.
Blessed are YOU, YAHUVEH our GOD, KING of the Universe,
Who distinguishes between sacred and secular, between light and darkness, between Israel and the nations, between the Seventh Day, the Shabbat Day, and the six days of work. You have distinguished between the holiness of the Shabbat and the holiness of a Festival and have sanctified the Seventh Day, the Shabbat Day, above the six days of work. You distinguished and sanctified YOUR people, Israel with YOUR Holiness in the Blood of YOUR SON, YAHUSHUA ha MASHIACH.
Blessed are YOU, YAHUVEH our GOD, KING of the Universe,
Who distinguishes between Holiness and holiness. (Lev 19:2; 1 Sam 2:2) There is no one HOLY as YOU are HOLY: FATHER, SON and HOLY SPIRIT.
d) Optional: Do with this blessing. (This blessing was done in the Festival Candle blessing portion, if you did it):
Blessed are you YAHUVEH, our GOD, KING of the Universe,
Who has kept us alive, sustained us and brought us to this season.
* Optional: read John 15-ch 16:15 about the true Vine etc. Treat this as when you otherwise take communion: remember the Blood of YAHUSHUA; make sure to examine your heart, repenting of any known sin.(Don’t take the bread now. Take the bread later in step #4).
* Say: “This is the first of the four cups. It is called “the cup of Sanctification” for GOD said: I am YAHUVEH, and I will take you out ...”; and
YAHUSHUA spoke of this wine saying,
“This is MY Blood of the Covenant, which is poured out for many for the remission of sins” (Mark 14:24). “Do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me” (1 Cor 11:25).
Drink the “1st cup” of wine or grape juice. Remember, whether you officially incorporate this as “communion”, this cup still does symbolize the Blood of YAHUSHUA. Do this with a repentant spirit.
If doing communion, you may choose to skip steps #2-3, but come back to them after doing step #4; then continue with the Seder as usual with step #5.
2. “Urchatz” (and Wash)
This step is optional. Briefly wash hands in prepared bowl before eating. (No blessing is usually said over this hand washing, but it symbolizes the Cleansing Power in YAHUSHUA’s Blood).
You may say:
Blessed are you YAHUVEH, our GOD, KING of the Universe,
Who makes us clean by the Water of the Word
And the Blood of YOUR SON, YAHUSHUA haMASHIACH
3. “Karpas” (Green Vegetable)
This step is optional.
If incorporating communion here, read John 16:16 to verse 33.
Explain the karpas and saltwater. You may read this: the saltwater reminds us of the tears the Jews cried in Egypt and the greens/karpas are a symbol of hope and Springtime, the season we are now entering. Together the karpas and saltwater mean that “they who sow in tears shall reap in joy” (Psalm 126:5). When HE gave us communion at Passover time, YAHUSHUA promised us: “Most assuredly, I say to you that you will weep and lament, but the world will rejoice; and you will be sorrowful - BUT your sorrow will be turned into joy” (John 16:20). This is a promise in communion. Remember, YAHUSHUA suffered in our place to bring us new life and joy. Sometimes we must also suffer for HIM, but if we share in HIS suffering, we also share in HIS Victory and will have an eternal reward. This is why we partake of the bread and wine. And we remember HIM also in this Karpas dipped in saltwater.
Recite blessing over karpas, example:
Blessed are YOU, YAHUVEH our GOD, KING of the Universe,
Who creates the fruit (produce) of the earth; and
Who creates in us the fruit of the HOLY SPIRIT - though we are the dust of the earth.
· Everyone dip his/her karpas in saltwater, and eat. (Make sure you to eat the karpas and leave the maror for later).
4. “Yachatz” (Break)
1. Pick up the platter of 3 matzot, hold it out and say:
YAHUSHUA spoke of this bread saying:
“Take, eat: this is MY Body, which is broken for you: do this in remembrance of me”
2. break the middle of the 3 matzot in two.
3. Then [a] wrap the larger piece in cloth and put it aside., and [b] return the smaller piece. (Optional: Hide the larger piece properly between now and dinner, so children can find it as part of step 12. This hidden, wrapped piece is the “afikomen” John 1.6:16 saved for later use -as the ‘desert’ at the end of the meal).
4. Optional: If doing a communion, use the smaller piece [b] now for communion bread and complete communion in your usual way.
5. Finally, pick up and hold out the original matzot platter of 3 matzot, while you read from the next step, “Maggid”…
BODY OF THE SEDER
Telling the Story and Eating the Food of the Exodus
The Narration of the Exodus
5. Maggid (Narrate/Tell)
Introduction to the Passover Narration
Say “HaLachma Anya” (the Bread of Affliction), while holding the Matzot:
Short:
This is the bread of affliction that our fathers ate in the land of Egypt; or
Long:
This is the bread of affliction that our fathers ate in the land of Egypt. Whoever is hungry – let him come and eat! Whoever is needy – let him come and celebrate Passover! Now, we are here; next year may we be in the Messianic Kingdom, the Kingdom of Heaven! Now we are in earthly bodies, next year may we be in glorified bodies! Now, we are here; next year may we be in the Land of Israel! Now, we are slaves; next year may we be free men!
This may be followed by singing the song of the same name.Pour the “2nd cup”. (Drink later). Say:
YAHUSHUA spoke of this wine saying,
“This is MY Blood of the Covenant, which is poured out for many for the remission of sins” (Mark 14:24). “Do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me” (1 Cor 11:25).
Say: This is the second of the four cups. It is called “the cup of Judgment and Deliverance” for GOD said “I will deliver you ...”Optional: Say “Ma Nishtana” (What is different?). Now the youngest able child usually asks “the 4 questions”. This is also a song.
Youngest child asks “Why is this night different from all other nights?” with the below 4 questions until each is asked. An adult answers with the given response.
1. On all other nights we may eat leaven (hametz) and matzah, but on this night only matzah?
We eat only matzah because God commanded us to & to remember once we were poor slaves, and we left Egypt in haste; there was no time for the bread to rise.
2. On all other nights we may eat vegetables, but on this night we eat maror?
We eat maror (bitter herbs) because God commanded us to do this and remember the bitterness of slavery
3. On all other nights we do not dip even once, but on this night twice?
This tradition, dipping twice, reminds us: in Egypt we cried many tears & laboured as slaves, but now we live as free men.
4. On all other nights we eat either sitting or reclining, but on this night we all recline?
This is a tradition, we eat comfortably to remember that once we were slaves, but now we are free.Say the “Avadim Hayinu”, which is also a song:
Short: “We were slaves, but now we are free…”; or
Long: “We were slaves to Pharaoh in Egypt and YAHUVEH our God brought us out from there with a strong hand and an outstretched arm…”Optional: “Vehi SheAmda”, which is also a song:
o Read Josh 24:2-4 about our forefathers in idolatry; and
o Read Gen 15:13-14 about God’s promise to Abraham & recite “Vehi SheAmda” (And this has stood)]:
And it is this [promise] that has stood for our Forefathers and for us. For not just one enemy has stood against us to wipe us out. But in every generation there have been those who have stood against us to wipe us out, and the Holy One Blessed Be He saves us from their hands.
Retelling of Passover & the Exodus:
Read Deut 26:5-8 (and/or take turns reading from longer Acts 7:2-36); then
Tell everyone: now we list the 10 Plagues and at the same time, for each of the 10 Plagues, we’ll drip a drop of wine from our cups onto our empty dinner plates using a finger or utensil. These are the 10 plagues: Blood, Frogs, Vermin, Wild Beasts, Pestilence, Boils, Hail, Locusts, Darkness, and Plague of the Firstborn (Ex. 7-12);
Remind everyone, say: YAHUSHUA bore the Full wrath of GOD in our place, causing YAH’s Wrath to pass over us onto HIM, that is why YAHUSHUA is the Passover Lamb. YAHUVEH said that when HE saw the Blood of the LAMB, HE would Pass over us. As you look at the wine spilled on your plate, remember just one drop of YAHUSHUA’s blood would have been enough to wash the sins of all humanity away - if only they would receive it, but look and realize how much more HE gave, HE emptied HIS arteries and veins, and these 10 drops are but a tiny shadow of that. These 10 drops symbolize the full wrath of GOD, the punishment YAHUSHUA took in our place, all the curses for disobedience placed on YAHUSHUA for every time we have violated GOD’s laws as represented by the 10 commandments. The ultimate fulfillment of Passover is in YAHUSHUA and this is why, we remember so often HIS body and blood, on this night, the night of the Pass over. Now, we tell the story of the Exodus...
Either summarize or take turns reading from Exodus chapters 11–15 to verse 21.
Closing & Contemplation of the Narration
Optional: Praise with Psalm 113-114
Pray that God will protect and preserve HIS children into the future. Pray as led.
Bless and drink “2nd cup”: Say: This is the second of the four cups. It is called “the cup of Judgment and Deliverance” for GOD said “I will deliver you ...”
YAHUSHUA spoke of this wine saying,
“This is MY Blood of the Covenant, which is poured out for many for the remission of sins” (Mark 14:24). “Do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me” (1 Cor 11:25).
Blessed are YOU YAHUVEH, our GOD, KING of the universe,
Who creates the fruit of the vine and has made us Holy through the shed Blood of YOUR SON YAHUSHUA our MASHIACH.
Foods of the Exodus
Rachatz, Motzi & Matzah, Maror, Korech
Prepare to partake of food with steps 6 & 7.
6. Rachatz (Wash)
This step is optional: Wash hands with a blessing.
Blessed are you YAHUVEH, our GOD, KING of the Universe,
Who makes us clean by the Water of the Word and by the Blood of YOUR SON, YAHUSHUA haMASHIACH
7. Motzi (Bring Forth)
This step is optional: Say usual prayer over the food that is to be eaten:
Blessed are you YAHUVEH our GOD, King of the Universe,
Who brings forth food from the earth
8. Matzah (Unleavened Bread)
Explain: Matzah reminds us that we, Israel, left Egypt in haste (the bread did not have time to rise) and reminds us of the affliction. Leaven, what makes the bread rise, is also a picture of sin. YAHUSHUA is without sin and so HE is represented by the Unleavened Bread and the Manna which comes down from Heaven. It is said “a little leaven, leavens the whole lump”. GOD desires us to live in the truth and holiness - without compromise; therefore, during these days of this Festival we do not partake of leaven. This reminds us to walk in Holiness before GOD ALMIGHTY. And so we also partake of the body of the Lord, the bread of communion.
Hold up the matzot platter, say below blessing for Matzah and everyone eats a piece. (Do not take out the afikoman yet, wait for step #12)
YAHUSHUA spoke of this bread saying:
“Take, eat: this is MY Body, which is broken for you: do this in remembrance of me”
Blessed are You, YAHUVEH our GOD King of the Universe,
Who has sanctified us with His commandments and has commanded us to eat the matzah/unleavened bread for Passover.
9. Maror (Bitter Herbs)
Explain: bitter herbs remind us of the our former lives as slaves. The Torah says “[the Egyptians] embittered their lives with hard labor: with mortar and bricks, with every kind of work in the fields; all the work which they made them do was rigorous.” (Ex. 1:14). When we partake of sin, we are a slave to it, which makes our lives bitter. We take this time to remember what GOD has freed us from.
Say blessing for Maror and everyone eats it (usually dipped into charoset/apple mixture):
Blessed are You, YAHUVEH our GOD King of the Universe,
Who has sanctified us with HIS commandments and has commanded us to eat the maror/bitter herbs for Passover
10. Korech (Sandwich/Wrap)
Optional: eat matzah, bitter herbs [and charoset/apple mixture] all together.
DINNER
11. Shulchan Orech (Prepared Table)
All parts of this step are optional, although it is easy to incorporate a meal into the Seder. We highly recommend NOT to skip the lamb bone portion of this step - to take a moment to recognize no meat of a sacrificed lamb is present during the Seder by discussing the lamb bone and it’s significance.
Point out the lamb bone and egg, explain: the Jerusalem Talmud suggests that on Passover, the egg and bone be presented to YAH with the words: “Please, GOD, lift us up from slavery!” The hard-boiled egg represents the festival offering brought in the days of the Holy Temple, which constituted the main part of this Passover meal. The bone represents the special Paschal sacrifice first done before the Exodus from Egypt, and later every year, on the afternoon before Passover, in the Holy Temple. Both the festival offering and the Pascal sacrifice find their ultimate fulfillment in YAHUSHUA our MASHIACH. When we say “GOD lift us up from slavery”, we speak also of the final redemption - the return of YAHUSHUA, when YAHUVEH restores all things - including the land and people of Israel.
Explain the egg further: The hard boiled egg is a symbol of sacrifice, and the suffering and oppression in Egypt. Everything else in boiling water becomes soft or disintegrates but an egg becomes well formed as Israel in times of trouble learns to depend on GOD. An egg also symbolizes new life just as YAHUSHUA arose from the dead and we are promised the resurrection and eternal life, without end. Just as the egg has its round shape, so is GOD - without beginning and end. YAHUVEH has revealed to Prophet Elisabeth Elijah that the 3 parts of the TRINITY are like the egg – each is distinct and yet part of the whole. As ABBA YAHUVEH has said to Elisabeth, “Which part of the egg is the egg? Is it the shell? The white or the yolk?” Of course it is all three – each distinct and yet each making up the whole, the egg. Amazing, isn’t it? The egg symbolizes many other things. Do you know of any others? [If anyone wishes to speak, allow time]. Now we each take a piece of the egg.
Everyone eats of the egg.
Explain the meaning of the lamb bone: we call this bone “Z’roa”, which means arm for it is said “with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm” GOD has redeemed us. YAHUSHUA is the Passover Lamb and the Arm of the LORD, for HE is seated at the right hand of YAHUVEH and redeems us.
Eat the prepared meal, if you have incorporated it into the Seder. Traditionally no more food is to be eaten after the next step, so the entire meal should be eaten now and is sealed/completed with the next step.
CLOSING OF THE SEDER
Tzafun, Barech*, Hallel*, Nirtzah – The Conclusion
12. Tzafun (Hidden)
Optional: Young children may be sent to search for the afikoman and receive a small prize for finding it.
Show the afikoman, the piece of matzah that was hidden earlier. Explain it’s symbolism: Remember, the body of the LORD YAHUSHUA. This is the same bread of which HE said “This is my body broken for you”. Tell everyone: Break a piece for yourself, but do not eat it yet. Pass it around. Even a piece the size of an olive is large enough.
Explain it’s meaning further as it is passed around: This afikoman completes our meal. It is the dessert and is as communion bread. We eat it last to remember the taste of this sacred bread. In all of Judaism, it is considered a substitute for the Passover Sacrifice. We know YAHUSHUA is the true Lamb of GOD and Passover Lamb. As the afikoman was wrapped in linen, hidden and then later revealed, it is a picture of YAHUSHUA’s death, burial and the revelation of HIS Resurrection Power, a picture of HIS Ascension and HIS Victory over sin, death, hell and the grave, a picture of HIS Second Coming - when HE returns, HIS reward will be with HIM - when HE comes as the Lion of the Tribe of Judah and defeats the final enemy, bringing All things into submission to HIM. YAHUSHUA said, “I won't eat this meal again until its meaning is fulfilled in the Kingdom of GOD” (Luke 22:16). We remember that although HE has gone, HE will return from Heaven! HE has prepared a place for us there! This afikoman is the promise of things to come! Let us partake of the body of the LORD, that we may partake of HIS coming glory and HIS promise to return for us!
Everyone eats their piece, thus completing the meal. Give everyone enough time.
13. Barech (Blessing)
Say over the un-poured wine:
YAHUSHUA spoke of this wine saying,
“This is MY Blood of the Covenant, which is poured out for many for the remission of sins” (Mark 14:24). “Do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me” (1 Cor 11:25).
Pour 3rd cup. (Don’t drink now).
Say: This is the third of the four cups. It is called the cup of Redemption for GOD said, “I will redeem you (with an outstretched arm)”.
Read Psalm 126. Pray Grace after Meals; and say: This is the third of the four cups. It is called the cup of Redemption for GOD said, “I will redeem you ...”;
YAHUSHUA spoke of this wine saying,
“This is MY Blood of the Covenant, which is poured out for many for the remission of sins” (Mark 14:24). “Do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me” (1 Cor 11:25).
Blessed are YOU YAHUVEH, our GOD, KING of the universe,
Who creates the fruit of the vine and has made us Holy through the shed Blood of YOUR SON YAHUSHUA our MASHIACH.
Drink 3rd cup.
Pour the 4th cup. (Don’t drink now). Pour the single Cup of Elijah at the same time, but do not drink.
Say: These are the last of the cups. The fourth cup is called the cup of Restoration and Praise for GOD said, “I will take you to ME for a people, and I will be your GOD”; and with it, the cup of Elijah for YAHUSHUA said, “Surely, Elijah comes and will restore all things”. (Optional: Open a door and say: “we do this expecting the coming of Elijah and the return of the Messiah”. “Eliyahu haNavi” may be sung now. [Close door later in the next step #14 when the 4th cup is drunk]).
Say over Elijah’s Cup: The cup of Elijah is drunk only by Elijah and the Messiah for GOD said, “Behold, I will send MY messenger, who will prepare the way before ME. Then suddenly the Lord [YAHUSHUA] whom you are seeking will come to HIS Temple; the Messenger of the Covenant, whom you desire, will come,” says YAHUVEH Almighty... HE [YAHUSHUA] will purify the Levites...and Jerusalem will be acceptable to the LORD YAHUVEH, as in days gone by, as in former years...Remember, the law of MY servant Moses...for ALL Israel. Behold, I will send you Elijah the Prophet before the coming of the Great and Dreadful Day of YAHUVEH. He will restore the hearts of the fathers to their children, and the hearts of the children to their fathers”.
As a group, pray over the cup of Elijah asking GOD to destroy HIS enemies as you are led. The liturgy also gives this prayer:
Pour YOUR wrath upon the nations that do not recognize YOU and upon the kingdoms that do not invoke YOUR NAME. For they have devoured Jacob and destroyed his Habitation. Pour YOUR anger upon them and let YOUR fiery wrath overtake them. Pursue them with wrath and annihilate them from beneath the Heavens of YAHUVEH.
14. Hallel (Praise)
Praise session. (This usually contains Psalm 115-118. What you do is up to you).
Say over the 4th cup: As we close our Seder, let us remember the words of YAHUSHUA, HE said, “I will not drink again of this Fruit of the Vine, until the kingdom of God comes, that Day when I drink it anew with you in MY FATHER'S kingdom” (Matt 26:29; Luke 22:18). This is the last of the four cups. It is called the cup of Restoration and Praise - for GOD said, “I will take you to ME for a people, and I will be your GOD”.
YAHUSHUA spoke of this wine saying,
“This is MY Blood of the Covenant, which is poured out for many for the remission of sins” (Mark 14:24). “Do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me” (1 Cor 11:25).
Blessed are YOU YAHUVEH, our GOD, KING of the universe,
Who creates the fruit of the vine and makes us Holy through the shed Blood of YOUR SON YAHUSHUA our MASHIACH.
Drink the 4th cup. (No one but Elijah of the Messiah drinks the cup of Elijah. It is a reminder of the coming restoration of all things).
15. Nirtzah (Acceptance)
Optional: as a group, recount and praise GOD for the miracles that occurred in night, or the midnight hour (such as the angel of death passing over).
Optional: recount and praise GOD for the miracles that have occurred during the Feast of Unleavened Bread (such as the death of Haman and his ten sons, the parting of the Reed Sea [Red Sea], the death, burial, resurrection of YAHUSHUA)
Optional: praise and sing songs; it is customary to sing “Adir Hu”, “Echad Mi Yodea” & “Chad Gadya”.
Say a prayer asking GOD to accept the Seder. The Seder usually ends with the words “Le Shanah Haba Be Yerushalayim”, which is also a song ( meaning, next year in Jerusalem!) You may say instead: Next year may we be in the Heavenly Jerusalem! This ends the Seder.
(Sometimes more is done after: songs are sung, the Exodus, the Feast of Unleavened Bread discussed, Shavuot/Pentecost anticipated, the Song of Songs read, or the Scriptures studied into the late hours, for example).
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